🔬 Welcome to STEMFACT

Science | Experiments | Numericals | Games

Thursday, 14 August 2025

Valency List Of Postive And Negative Radicals

Positive Radicals (Cations) — Explanation

What they are: Positive radicals are single atoms or groups of atoms that carry a net positive charge. They form when an atom or group loses electrons.

How they form: Metals (Na, Ca, Al) and some polyatomic species (NH4+) lose electrons in reactions such as ionization, acid–base reactions, or salt formation.

Valency & charge: The valency equals the magnitude of the charge (e.g., Na+ has valency 1, Ca2+ has valency 2). Higher charges mean higher valency.

Naming: Use the element name plus oxidation state if needed. Traditional names may use suffixes -ous (lower) and -ic (higher), or IUPAC Roman numerals in brackets.

Common examples (with valency):

  • H+ (1), Li+ (1), Na+ (1), K+ (1), Ag+ (1), NH4+ (1)
  • Mg2+ (2), Ca2+ (2), Zn2+ (2), Fe2+ (2), Cu2+ (2)
  • Al3+ (3), Fe3+ (3), Cr3+ (3)

Role in salts: Cations combine with negative radicals (anions) to make neutral compounds, e.g., Ca2+ + SO42− → CaSO4.

Quick lab hints: Many metal cations give characteristic flame colors (Na: yellow, K: lilac, Ca: brick-red) or distinctive precipitates with reagents (e.g., NH4OH, NaOH).

Negative Radicals (Anions) — Explanation

What they are: Negative radicals are single atoms or groups of atoms that carry a net negative charge. They form when an atom or group gains electrons.

How they form: Non-metals (Cl, O, S, N) and many polyatomic groups (SO42−, NO3) gain electrons or result from acid deprotonation (e.g., HCl → Cl).

Valency & charge: The valency equals the magnitude of the negative charge (e.g., Cl has valency 1, SO42− has valency 2, PO43− has valency 3).

Naming: Monoatomic anions usually end with -ide (chloride, oxide, sulfide). Oxyanions use -ate / -ite (more/less oxygen) and may take prefixes per- (most O) and hypo- (least O).

Common examples (with valency):

  • Cl (1), Br (1), I (1), OH (1), NO3 (1), HCO3 (1), CH3COO (1)
  • SO42− (2), CO32− (2), S2− (2), SO32− (2), CrO42− (2), Cr2O72− (2)
  • PO43− (3), BO33− (3)

Role in salts: Anions pair with cations to form neutral salts, e.g., NH4+ + NO3 → NH4NO3.

Quick lab hints: Many anions give characteristic tests: CO32− effervesces with acids (CO2), SO42− forms a white BaSO4 precipitate with BaCl2, Cl gives white AgCl with AgNO3 (soluble in NH3).

📥 Download Radicals Valency PDF

Positive Radicals (Cations)

S.NoRadical NameFormulaValencyहिंदी नाम
1AmmoniumNH₄⁺1अमोनियम
2SodiumNa⁺1सोडियम
3PotassiumK⁺1पोटैशियम
4SilverAg⁺1चांदी
5HydrogenH⁺1हाइड्रोजन
6Copper(I)Cu⁺1तांबा(I)
7Copper(II)Cu²⁺2तांबा(II)
8CalciumCa²⁺2कैल्शियम
9MagnesiumMg²⁺2मैग्नीशियम
10Iron(II)Fe²⁺2लोहा(II)
11Iron(III)Fe³⁺3लोहा(III)
12AluminiumAl³⁺3एल्युमिनियम
13ZincZn²⁺2जस्ता
14Lead(II)Pb²⁺2सीसा(II)
15Manganese(II)Mn²⁺2मैंगनीज(II)

Negative Radicals (Anions)

S.NoRadical NameFormulaValencyहिंदी नाम
1ChlorideCl⁻1क्लोराइड
2BromideBr⁻1ब्रोमाइड
3IodideI⁻1आयोडाइड
4FluorideF⁻1फ्लोराइड
5HydroxideOH⁻1हाइड्रॉक्साइड
6NitrateNO₃⁻1नाइट्रेट
7NitriteNO₂⁻1नाइट्राइट
8SulphateSO₄²⁻2सल्फेट
9SulphiteSO₃²⁻2सल्फाइट
10CarbonateCO₃²⁻2कार्बोनेट
11BicarbonateHCO₃⁻1बाइकार्बोनेट
12PhosphatePO₄³⁻3फॉस्फेट
13AcetateCH₃COO⁻1एसीटेट
14PermanganateMnO₄⁻1परमैंगनेट
15DichromateCr₂O₇²⁻2डाइक्रोमेट
Read about empirical formula

No comments:

Post a Comment

Most Majestic Exponent

Step-by-Step Solution We are solving the equation: ∛(x√3) = x 2 Step 1: Write cube root in exponent form ...